Just wondering if "stairwell" might fit, but not putting it in as an answer as I am not 100% sure it applies in the case of a spiral staircase.
In any case, here is a descriptive French link, in case you haven't seen this one and it helps at all:
https://www.futura-sciences.com/maison/definitions/maison-es...I quote from the link:
"il peut être à noyau creux, c'est-à-dire qu'il ne repose pas sur un pilier central mais laisse apparaître un jour en son centre"...
Linguee describes 'noyau creux' as a
hollow core, but I found no context of 'stairs', but I don't know your wider context.