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English translation: conflict with/clash with/collide with/run through/there is hard clash
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| 17:51 Jul 23, 2023 |
| Arabic to English translations [PRO] Tech/Engineering - Construction / Civil Engineering | |||||||
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Crossover Explanation: Guidelines for safe cable crossing over a pipeline Author links open overlay panelAhmed Reda a, Andrew Rawlinson b, Ibrahim A. Sultan c, Mohamed A. Elgazzar c, Ian M. Howard a Show more Share Cite https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apor.2020.102284 Get rights and content Abstract High voltage submarine cables are increasingly being installed in existing and new offshore oil and gas fields for power supply and control purposes. These power cables are both large and with a high submerged weight, which poses a challenge when designing a safe, maintenance free (economical), and fit-for-purpose crossing over a pipeline. Damage to subsea pipeline crossings caused by deterioration of a crossing support, field joint materials and cover components is well known in the industry, particularly with old pipelines. Crossing cables over an existing pipeline should be avoided whenever economical and practical. However, it is inevitable in some situations to use the existing pipeline (unburied) as the crossing support to a new cable/umbilical. In these situations, crossing the cable/umbilical over the existing pipeline may be a cost-effective and worthy consideration. However, there are no explicit guidelines or criteria in the industry concerning the acceptable practice of design and construction of crossings. The only clear recommendation is relating to pipeline separation distances. This paper documents a recent case study of damage of a field joint coating at a crossing of an existing pipeline by a 132 kV subsea cable of 191 mm outside diameter. Investigation of the damage on site revealed that it was caused by lateral movement of the cable under the influence of hydrodynamic forces. Further to investigation and assessment of the damage of the case study presented here, the paper proposes some guidelines for the safe design and construction of cable crossing. Another objective of this paper is to invite further evaluation of the proposed guidelines so that appropriate crossing design requirements can be further developed and standardised. Introduction Submarine cable crossings are now a common feature of offshore hydrocarbon field development. Instances of cable crossings are consistently increasing with field density and development [1]. Crossings add cost to any new subsea cable installation and should be avoided whenever practical but this should not be at the expense of increasing the length of the cable. The size of the cable, umbilical or pipeline being crossed and their burial condition are important factors in selecting the crossing design concept. Cost, complexity and engineering effort all increase with increasing cable/umbilical/pipeline size. For example, a cable/umbilical/pipeline crossing involving a non-buried large diameter pipeline is considerably more complex compared with a case involving a small, partially buried pipeline. Furthermore, selection of a crossing design concept depends on the construction method, especially when the crossing design involves burial, trenching or rock dumping. In this case, the cost of the construction vessel and equipment will have significant impact on the crossing design and alternative crossing designs may be envisaged. Deterioration of subsea pipeline crossings is common [1]. Most of the problems associated with this problem are primarily related to the deficiency of the long-term integrity of the crossing support and cover components. Accordingly, it is imperative to ensure that the crossing design is both sound and fit-for-purpose with a maintenance free design life. This paper describes a case study of recent failure of a field joint coating of crossed pipelines due to installation of a 132 kV submarine cable, along with the subsequent underwater repair. The cause of the damage was assessed and found to be a combination of increased hydrodynamic loads plus excessive lateral cable movement associated with the hydrodynamic forces, resulting in unexpected level of radial and axial loads on the field joint coating of the crossed pipeline as depicted in Fig. 1. An industry accepted standard for the design and construction of cable crossings does not currently exist for the case when the crossed pipeline is used as a support. The paper documents the lessons learned that may be helpful in developing specifications for crossing design and construction in similar scenarios. Section snippets Crossing design concepts Selection of a crossing concept is normally based on the technical feasibility, cost, safety and environment. The possible crossing methods are as follows: 1 Bury or trench the existing pipeline/umbilical/cable prior to crossing. This will enable the new cable to cross flush with the seafloor or trenched on a pre-defined trench profile. 2 Raise the new crossing pipeline/umbilical/cable above the existing pipeline/umbilical/cable using supports as shown in Fig. 2. This will enable the new Vertical positive separation in codes and standards DNVGL-ST-F101 [7] requires that crossing pipelines/cables/umbilicals should be kept separated by a minimum vertical distance of 300 mm. API-RP-1111 [8] states that “Pipeline crossings should comply with the design, notification, installation, inspection, and as-built records requirements of the regulatory agencies and the owners or operators of the pipelines involved. A minimum separation of 300 mm is required”. ISO 15,589–2 [9] states that “A separation of 300 mm is normally adequate, but Cable crossing design This section describes the crossing system that was employed for installation of the 132 kV subsea power cable in a congested field of many crossings. Fig. 5 shows how the crossed pipeline was used as a support. The positive vertical separation between the crossing subsea cable and crossed assets was achieved by the use of articulated padding as shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6. This system involved offshore application of a specific bend restrictor and articulated padding discs on the new cable prior Design requirements The schematic in Fig. 9 illustrates elements of the crossing design adopted for the subsea power cable using the articulated padding system and the crossed pipeline as a support. Fitted around the crossing cable, the articulated padding provides the required positive vertical separation and prevents the cable itself from bearing directly on the crossed pipeline. The vertical separation is measured from the top of the crossed pipe to the bottom of the cable's body, as illustrated in Fig. 10. The General The submarine cable stability was verified in accordance of DNVGL-ST-F101 [7] and DNVGL-RP-F109 [15], although these standards/recommended practices are not applicable to submarine cables, especially with regards to the safety objectives. The stability analysis at the crossing locations involved assessment of the cable integrity and response at the crossing locations when subjected to hydrodynamic forces. The integrity of the cable was verified in accordance with the limit states provided in Field joint coating failure The 132 kV subsea power cable and the crossing arrangement shown in Fig. 15 were installed successfully in 2012. Fig. 15 presents a snapshot from the as-built survey undertaken upon completion of the concrete mattress installed to reduce lateral cable movement. A post-installation survey was undertaken one year after the cable installation. The survey included three dozen crossing locations similar to that shown in Fig. 16. Visual inspection revealed that coating damage had occurred in the Root cause analysis The root cause analysis reviewed potential factors in several categories: engineering design, manufacture, installation and environmental aspects. From the root cause study, it was concluded that the damage of the field joint coating is attributed to the combined effect of installation works, lateral cable movement and repeated dynamic impact. Rectification A mitigation measure was implemented to repair the field joint coating and prevent future damage at the site. The finite element simulations undertaken demonstrated that if the cable free span length and lateral movement are reduced by adding vertical and horizontal constraints as close as possible to the pipeline, the global reaction forces due to self-weight and environmental factors (waves and current) will be reduced. Accordingly, it was decided to install two large cradle grout bags (Fig. 27 Operational experience A recent ROV survey was performed at the crossing locations where the rectification was made to document the experience and the performance of the articulated padding, bend restrictor and the cradle grout bag under the functional and environmental loadings. The ROV survey was undertaken six years after the rectification. It is evident from Fig. 32 that the bend restrictor is intact and still preventing the cable from sagging at the crossing point and the vertical separation between the bottom of Conclusions The paper describes a case study of failure at the field joint coating of a pipeline crossed by a 132 KV submarine cable. The damage occurred due to the lateral instability of the cable and the associated the lateral movement under the influence of the hydrodynamic forces. The investigation showed that the hydrodynamic stability of the crossing cable or line is an issue of practical significance to system integrity and it should be considered during design. The investigation and video survey Declaration of Competing Interest This manuscript has not been submitted to, nor is under review at, another journal or other publishing venue. The authors have no affiliation with any organization with a direct or indirect financial interest in the subject matter discussed in the manuscript. References (16) A.M. Reda et al. Compression limit state of HVAC submarine cables Applied Ocean Research (2016) Ahmed Reda et al. "When is a subsea anchor required for a short pipeline/SCR system? International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping (2019) Ahmed Reda et al. Pipeline walking and anchoring considerations in the presence of riser motion and inclined seabed International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping (2018) Ahmed Reda et al. Design and installation of subsea cable, pipeline and umbilical crossing interfaces Eng Fail Anal (2017) Ahmed Reda et al. Investigation into the dynamic effects of lateral buckling of high temperature/high pressure offshore pipelines A. Reda et al. Vibration of a curved subsea pipeline due to internal slug flow Det Norske Veritas et al. DNVGL-ST-F101 Submarine pipeline Systems (2017) American Petroleum Institute (API). "API recommended practice 1111: design, construction, operation, and maintenance of... There are more references available in the full text version of this article. Cited by (11) A numerical investigation of the transport process of density currents over steep slopes and its implications for subsea cable breaks 2023, Ocean Engineering Citation Excerpt : When hydrodynamic loads from density currents acting on a cable are greater than the soil resistance, the cable may start to move laterally across the seabed and cause abrasion on the outer sheath of the cable. The local buckling and abrasion may compromise the integrity of the cable (Reda et al., 2020, 2021b, 2021c). A recent case study of the failure of a field joint coating of crossed pipelines showed that the cause of the damage was found to be an increment of hydrodynamic loads and excessive lateral cable movement. Show abstract Discussion of electrical and thermal aspects of offshore wind farms’ power cables reliability 2021, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews Citation Excerpt : Armor plays a double role in the submarine cables: it serves as a protective layer but also provides the required strength during the laying process. Armor is also required to achieve the required on-bottom stability to minimize the lateral movement of the cable on the seabed and to ensure that the integrity of the cable is not compromised [61–63]. Magnetic armor has a significant detrimental influence on a cable's current rating; therefore, occasionally non-magnetic materials are used. Show abstract Failure analysis of articulated paddings at crossing interface between crossing cable and crossed pipeline 2021, Applied Ocean Research Citation Excerpt : The crossing pipeline/umbilical/cable should be designed according to generalized lateral stability or dynamic stability methods [2, 3]. According to [2, 3, 15], the pipeline lateral movement under the influence of hydrodynamic loading is acceptable provided that the limit states are not exceeding. The displacement limit state [3] can be adopted in some cases such as the crossing pipeline over supports or the pipeline laid over buckle initiators. Show abstract Design of subsea cables/umbilicals for in-service abrasion - Part 2: Mechanisms 2021, Ocean Engineering Citation Excerpt : Excessive lateral movement of the cable could undermine the ultimate limit state, accidental limit state as well as serviceability limit state. A consequence of severe damage to the outer sheath of the cable is armour corrosion and cable failure (Reda et al., 2017; Reda et al., 2020; Ahmed Reda et al., 2021). Cable failure and breakage can be due to water ingress, if the cable is of dry design, as this may induce insulation and screen issues and therefore affect electrical serviceability. Show abstract Design of subsea cables/umbilicals for in-service abrasion - Part 1: Case studies 2021, Ocean Engineering Show abstract Behavior of Pre-Stressed Arch Subjected to Sliding Load 2023, International Journal of Structural Stability and Dynamics View all citing articles on Scopus Recommended articles (6) Research article Extended characterization of damage in rubble mound scour protections Coastal Engineering, Volume 158, 2020, Article 103671 Show abstract Research article Accelerated reliability testing of articulated cable bend restrictor for offshore wind applications International Journal of Marine Energy, Volume 16, 2016, pp. 65-82 Show abstract Research article An empirical model for flexible pipe armor wire lateral buckling failure load Applied Ocean Research, Volume 66, 2017, pp. 46-54 Show abstract Research article Review of global HVDC subsea cable projects and the application of sea electrodes International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Volume 87, 2017, pp. 121-135 Show abstract Research article Cracking of 5Cr steel tee-pipe during start-up operation in heavy oil upgrade refinery Engineering Failure Analysis, Volume 81, 2017, pp. 204-215 Show abstract Research article Safety analysis of rock berms that protect submarine power cables in the event of an anchor collision Ocean Engineering, Volume 107, 2015, pp. 204-211 Show abstract View full text © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. 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At the opposite direction of Explanation: أعتقد والله أعلم الأعمدة هي مواسير الصرف وبالتالي مواسير التهوية تكون في عكس اتجاهها |
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2 days 13 hrs confidence:
conflict with/clash with/collide with/run through/there is hard clash Explanation: HVAC air ducts clash with/conflict with columns. There is a hard clash between air ducts and columns. (HVAC) Air ducts are running through columns. Air ducts are intersecting with columns. HVAC air ducts collide with (structural) columns. The exact engineering term used in this situation is the "hard clash". It is the conflict between HVAC ducts and structural members like columns or beams. " To avoid clashes between HVAC ductwork and a column capital in a congested space ..." https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Clash-report-relating-to... "It may be an air-conditioning duct running through a load-bearing ... Hard Clash is a type of conflict which involves geometrical issues." "A hard clash occurs when two objects pass through each other or are taking up the same place. It could be intra discipline clash like a duct colliding with a pipe or it could be an inter discipline clash like an air-conditioning duct running through a load-bearing wall." https://www.bimservicesindia.com/blog/three-types-of-clashes... " HVAC duct collides with structural column cap. Repeated Clash. (es). Substantial conflicts of 2 or more systems which require e-design of a system(s). 25 pages" https://www.itcon.org/papers/2019_03-Mehrbod.pdf -------------------------------------------------- Note added at 2 days 13 hrs (2023-07-26 07:36:23 GMT) -------------------------------------------------- خطوط التهوية = HVAC air ducts = HVAC ducts = Duct lines = or to use "HVAC air duct work" |
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